System and method providing combined virtual reality arc welding and three-dimensional (3d) viewing

ABSTRACT

A real-time virtual reality welding system including a programmable processor-based subsystem configured to generate simulation data corresponding to elements of a welding environment in virtual reality space; a three-dimensional (3D) conversion unit operatively connected to the programmable processor-based subsystem and configured to convert at least a portion of the simulation data, representative of at least a portion of the virtual welding environment, to 3D data in a stereoscopic 3D transmission format; and a 3D display-facilitating device operatively connected to the 3D conversion unit and configured to receive the 3D data from the 3D conversion unit and facilitate displaying of a stereoscopic representation of the 3D data.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS/INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This U.S. patent application claims priority to and is a continuation-in-part (CIP) patent application of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/501,257 filed on Jul. 10, 2009 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/090,794 filed on Aug. 21, 2008.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Certain embodiments relate to virtual reality simulation. More particularly, certain embodiments relate to systems and methods for providing arc welding training in a simulated virtual reality environment or augmented reality environment using real-time weld puddle feedback and three-dimensional (3D) data in a stereoscopic 3D transmission format.

BACKGROUND

Learning how to arc weld traditionally takes many hours of instruction, training, and practice. There are many different types of arc welding and arc welding processes that can be learned. Typically, welding is learned by a student using a real welding system and performing welding operations on real metal pieces. Such real-world training can tie up scarce welding resources and use up limited welding materials. Recently, however, the idea of training using welding simulations has become more popular. Some welding simulations are implemented via personal computers and/or on-line via the Internet. However, current known welding simulations tend to be limited in their training focus. For example, some welding simulations focus on training only for “muscle memory”, which simply trains a welding student how to hold and position a welding tool. Other welding simulations focus on showing visual and audio effects of the welding process, but only in a limited and often unrealistic manner which does not provide the student with the desired feedback that is highly representative of real world welding. It is this actual feedback that directs the student to make necessary adjustments to make a good weld. Welding is learned by watching the arc and/or puddle, not by muscle memory.

Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional, traditional, and proposed approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such approaches with embodiments of the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.

SUMMARY

An arc welding simulation has been devised that provides simulation of a weld puddle in a virtual reality space having real-time molten metal fluidity characteristics and heat absorption and heat dissipation characteristics. The display of virtual reality elements in a stereoscopic 3D transmission format is also provided.

In an embodiment of the present invention, a virtual reality welding system includes a programmable processor-based subsystem, a spatial tracker operatively connected to the programmable processor-based subsystem, at least one mock welding tool capable of being spatially tracked by the spatial tracker, and at least one display device operatively connected to the programmable processor-based subsystem. The system is capable of simulating, in virtual reality space, a weld puddle having real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics. The system is further capable of displaying the simulated weld puddle on the display device to depict a real-world weld. Based upon the student performance, the system will display an evaluated weld that will either be acceptable or show a weld with defects.

One embodiment provides a system including a programmable processor-based subsystem configured to generate simulation data corresponding to a virtual weldment generated in real time in virtual reality space. The system also includes a 3D conversion unit operatively connected to the programmable processor-based subsystem and configured to convert at least a portion of the simulation data, representative of at least a portion of the virtual weldment, to 3D data in a stereoscopic 3D transmission format. The system further includes a 3D display-facilitating device operatively connected to the 3D conversion unit and configured to receive the 3D data from the 3D conversion unit and facilitate displaying of a stereoscopic representation of the 3D data. The 3D display-facilitating device may be a 3D projector or a 3D television set, for example. A weld bead portion of the virtual weldment may result from a simulated weld puddle having real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics providing a real-time fluidity-to-solidification transition of the simulated weld puddle as the simulated weld puddle is moved to form the weld bead portion of the virtual weldment. The system may also include a display screen operatively connected to the 3D display-facilitating device and configured to display the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data, and 3D eyewear configured to be worn by a user to view the representation of the stereoscopic 3D data on the display screen as a 3D image in 3D space. The system may further include a 3D user interface operatively interfacing to the 3D display-facilitating device and configured to allow a user to manipulate a spatial orientation of the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data on the display screen. The simulation data may be representative of at least a cross-sectional portion of the virtual weldment.

One embodiment provides a method including generating simulation data corresponding to a simulated weld bead generated in real time, in virtual reality space, having real-time weld bead wake characteristics. The simulation data may be representative of at least a cross-sectional portion of the simulated weld bead. The method also includes converting the simulation data, representative of the weld bead, to 3D data in a stereoscopic 3D transmission format, and displaying a stereoscopic representation of the 3D data. The simulated weld bead may result from a simulated weld puddle having real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics providing a real-time fluidity-to-solidification transition of the simulated weld puddle as the simulated weld puddle is moved to form the simulated weld bead. Displaying the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data may include projecting the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data onto a display screen. Displaying the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data may include displaying the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data on a display screen of a 3D television set. The method may further include viewing the displayed stereoscopic representation of the 3D data by using 3D eyewear configured to be worn by a user. The method may also include manipulating a spatial orientation of the displayed stereoscopic representation of the 3D data.

One embodiment provides a method including generating simulation data corresponding to a virtual welding environment in virtual reality space. The method also includes converting a portion of the simulation data, representative of a portion of the virtual welding environment, to 3D data in a stereoscopic 3D transmission format, and displaying a stereoscopic representation of the 3D data. The portion of the virtual welding environment may include one or more of a simulated welding electrode, a simulated welding tool, a simulated weldment, or a simulated welding coupon. The method may further include manipulating a spatial orientation of the displayed stereoscopic representation of the 3D data. The method may also include viewing the displayed stereoscopic representation of the 3D data by using 3D eyewear configured to be worn by a user. Alternatively, the stereoscopic 3D transmission format may be an auto-stereoscopic format where 3D eyewear is not used for viewing.

These and other features of the claimed invention, as well as details of illustrated embodiments thereof, will be more fully understood from the following description and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a first example embodiment of a system block diagram of a system providing arc welding training in a real-time virtual reality environment;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example embodiment of a combined simulated welding console and observer display device (ODD) of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example embodiment of the observer display device (ODD) of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 illustrates an example embodiment of a front portion of the simulated welding console of FIG. 2 showing a physical welding user interface (WUI);

FIG. 5 illustrates an example embodiment of a mock welding tool (MWT) of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 illustrates an example embodiment of a table/stand (T/S) of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 7A illustrates an example embodiment of a pipe welding coupon (WC) of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 7B illustrates the pipe WC of FIG. 7A mounted in an arm of the table/stand (TS) of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 illustrates various elements of an example embodiment of the spatial tracker (ST) of FIG. 1;

FIG. 9A illustrates an example embodiment of a face-mounted display device (FMDD) of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 9B is an illustration of how the FMDD of FIG. 9A is secured on the head of a user;

FIG. 9C illustrates an example embodiment of the FMDD of FIG. 9A mounted within a welding helmet;

FIG. 10 illustrates an example embodiment of a subsystem block diagram of a programmable processor-based subsystem (PPS) of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 11 illustrates an example embodiment of a block diagram of a graphics processing unit (GPU) of the PPS of FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 illustrates an example embodiment of a functional block diagram of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 13 is a flow chart of an embodiment of a method of training using the virtual reality training system of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 14A-14B illustrate the concept of a welding pixel (wexel) displacement map, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 15 illustrates an example embodiment of a coupon space and a weld space of a flat welding coupon (WC) simulated in the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 16 illustrates an example embodiment of a coupon space and a weld space of a corner (tee joint) welding coupon (WC) simulated in the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 17 illustrates an example embodiment of a coupon space and a weld space of a pipe welding coupon (WC) simulated in the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 18 illustrates an example embodiment of the pipe welding coupon (WC) of FIG. 17;

FIGS. 19A-19C illustrate an example embodiment of the concept of a dual-displacement puddle model of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 20 illustrates a second example embodiment of a system block diagram of a system providing arc welding training in a real-time virtual reality environment; and

FIG. 21 illustrates an example embodiment of a system block diagram of a system providing stereoscopic 3D viewing of virtual elements generated as part of a virtual welding environment using the system of FIG. 20.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An embodiment of the present invention comprises a virtual reality arc welding (VRAW) system comprising a programmable processor-based subsystem, a spatial tracker operatively connected to the programmable processor-based subsystem, at least one mock welding tool capable of being spatially tracked by the spatial tracker, and at least one display device operatively connected to the programmable processor-based subsystem. The system is capable of simulating, in a virtual reality space, a weld puddle having real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics. The system is also capable of displaying the simulated weld puddle on the display device in real-time. The real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics of the simulated weld puddle provide real-time visual feedback to a user of the mock welding tool when displayed, allowing the user to adjust or maintain a welding technique in real-time in response to the real-time visual feedback (i.e., helps the user learn to weld correctly). The displayed weld puddle is representative of a weld puddle that would be formed in the real-world based on the user's welding technique and the selected welding process and parameters. By viewing a puddle (e.g., shape, color, slag, size, stacked dimes), a user can modify his technique to make a good weld and determine the type of welding being done. The shape of the puddle is responsive to the movement of the gun or stick. As used herein, the term “real-time” means perceiving and experiencing in time in a simulated environment in the same way that a user would perceive and experience in a real-world welding scenario. Furthermore, the weld puddle is responsive to the effects of the physical environment including gravity, allowing a user to realistically practice welding in various positions including overhead welding and various pipe welding angles (e.g., 1G, 2G, 5G, 6G). As used herein, the term “virtual weldment” refers to a simulated welded part that exists in virtual reality space. For example, a simulated welding coupon that has been virtually welded as described herein is an example of a virtual weldment.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example embodiment of a system block diagram of a system 100 providing arc welding training in a real-time virtual reality environment. The system 100 includes a programmable processor-based subsystem (PPS) 110. The system 100 further includes a spatial tracker (ST) 120 operatively connected to the PPS 110. The system 100 also includes a physical welding user interface (WUI) 130 operatively connected to the PPS 110 and a face-mounted display device (FMDD) 140 operatively connected to the PPS 110 and the ST 120. The system 100 further includes an observer display device (ODD) 150 operatively connected to the PPS 110. The system 100 also includes at least one mock welding tool (MWT) 160 operatively connected to the ST 120 and the PPS 110. The system 100 further includes a table/stand (T/S) 170 and at least one welding coupon (WC) 180 capable of being attached to the T/S 170. In accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention, a mock gas bottle is provided (not shown) simulating a source of shielding gas and having an adjustable flow regulator.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example embodiment of a combined simulated welding console 135 (simulating a welding power source user interface) and observer display device (ODD) 150 of the system 100 of FIG. 1. The physical WUI 130 resides on a front portion of the console 135 and provides knobs, buttons, and a joystick for user selection of various modes and functions. The ODD 150 is attached to a top portion of the console 135. The MWT 160 rests in a holder attached to a side portion of the console 135. Internally, the console 135 holds the PPS 110 and a portion of the ST 120.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example embodiment of the observer display device (ODD) 150 of FIG. 2. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the ODD 150 is a liquid crystal display (LCD) device. Other display devices are possible as well. For example, the ODD 150 may be a touchscreen display, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The ODD 150 receives video (e.g., SVGA format) and display information from the PPS 110.

As shown in FIG. 3, the ODD 150 is capable of displaying a first user scene showing various welding parameters 151 including position, tip to work, weld angle, travel angle, and travel speed. These parameters may be selected and displayed in real time in graphical form and are used to teach proper welding technique. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 3, the ODD 150 is capable of displaying simulated welding discontinuity states 152 including, for example, improper weld size, poor bead placement, concave bead, excessive convexity, undercut, porosity, incomplete fusion, slag inclusion, excess spatter, overfill, and burnthrough (melt through). Undercut is a groove melted into the base metal adjacent to the weld or weld root and left unfilled by weld metal. Undercut is often due to an incorrect angle of welding. Porosity is cavity type discontinuities formed by gas entrapment during solidification often caused by moving the arc too far away from the coupon.

Also, as shown in FIG. 3, the ODD 50 is capable of displaying user selections 153 including menu, actions, visual cues, new coupon, and end pass. These user selections are tied to user buttons on the console 135. As a user makes various selections via, for example, a touchscreen of the ODD 150 or via the physical WUI 130, the displayed characteristics can change to provide selected information and other options to the user. Furthermore, the ODD 150 may display a view seen by a welder wearing the FMDD 140 at the same angular view of the welder or at various different angles, for example, chosen by an instructor. The ODD 150 may be viewed by an instructor and/or students for various training purposes. For example, the view may be rotated around the finished weld allowing visual inspection by an instructor. In accordance with an alternate embodiment of the present invention, video from the system 100 may be sent to a remote location via, for example, the Internet for remote viewing and/or critiquing. Furthermore, audio may be provided, allowing real-time audio communication between a student and a remote instructor.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example embodiment of a front portion of the simulated welding console 135 of FIG. 2 showing a physical welding user interface (WUI) 130. The WUI 130 includes a set of buttons 131 corresponding to the user selections 153 displayed on the ODD 150. The buttons 131 are colored to correspond to the colors of the user selections 153 displayed on the ODD 150. When one of the buttons 131 is pressed, a signal is sent to the PPS 110 to activate the corresponding function. The WUI 130 also includes a joystick 132 capable of being used by a user to select various parameters and selections displayed on the ODD 150. The WUI 130 further includes a dial or knob 133 for adjusting wire feed speed/amps, and another dial or knob 134 for adjusting volts/trim. The WUI 130 also includes a dial or knob 136 for selecting an arc welding process. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, three arc welding processes are selectable including flux cored arc welding (FCAW) including gas-shielded and self-shielded processes; gas metal arc welding (GMAW) including short arc, axial spray, STT, and pulse; gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW); and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) including E6010 and E7010 electrodes. The WUI 130 further includes a dial or knob 137 for selecting a welding polarity. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, three arc welding polarities are selectable including alternating current (AC), positive direct current (DC+), and negative direct current (DC−).

FIG. 5 illustrates an example embodiment of a mock welding tool (MWT) 160 of the system 100 of FIG. 1. The MWT 160 of FIG. 5 simulates a stick welding tool for plate and pipe welding and includes a holder 161 and a simulated stick electrode 162. A trigger on the MWD 160 is used to communicate a signal to the PPS 110 to activate a selected simulated welding process. The simulated stick electrode 162 includes a tactilely resistive tip 163 to simulate resistive feedback that occurs during, for example, a root pass welding procedure in real-world pipe welding or when welding a plate. If the user moves the simulated stick electrode 162 too far back out of the root, the user will be able to feel or sense the lower resistance, thereby deriving feedback for use in adjusting or maintaining the current welding process.

It is contemplated that the stick welding tool may incorporate an actuator, not shown, that withdraws the simulated stick electrode 162 during the virtual welding process. That is to say that as a user engages in virtual welding activity, the distance between holder 161 and the tip of the simulated stick electrode 162 is reduced to simulate consumption of the electrode. The consumption rate, i.e. withdrawal of the stick electrode 162, may be controlled by the PPS 110 and more specifically by coded instructions executed by the PPS 110. The simulated consumption rate may also depend on the user's technique. It is noteworthy to mention here that as the system 100 facilitates virtual welding with different types of electrodes, the consumption rate or reduction of the stick electrode 162 may change with the welding procedure used and/or setup of the system 100.

Other mock welding tools are possible as well, in accordance with other embodiments of the present invention, including a MWD that simulates a hand-held semi-automatic welding gun having a wire electrode fed through the gun, for example. Furthermore, in accordance with other certain embodiments of the present invention, a real welding tool could be used as the MWT 160 to better simulate the actual feel of the tool in the user's hands, even though, in the system 100, the tool would not be used to actually create a real arc. Also, a simulated grinding tool may be provided, for use in a simulated grinding mode of the simulator 100. Similarly, a simulated cutting tool may be provided, for use in a simulated cutting mode of the simulator 100. Furthermore, a simulated gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) torch or filler material may be provided for use in the simulator 100.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example embodiment of a table/stand (T/S) 170 of the system 100 of FIG. 1. The T/S 170 includes an adjustable table 171, a stand or base 172, an adjustable arm 173, and a vertical post 174. The table 171, the stand 172, and the arm 173 are each attached to the vertical post 174. The table 171 and the arm 173 are each capable of being manually adjusted upward, downward, and rotationally with respect to the vertical post 174. The arm 173 is used to hold various welding coupons (e.g., welding coupon 175) and a user may rest his/her arm on the table 171 when training. The vertical post 174 is indexed with position information such that a user may know exactly where the arm 173 and the table 171 are vertically positioned on the post 171. This vertical position information may be entered into the system by a user using the WUI 130 and the ODD 150.

In accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the positions of the table 171 and the arm 173 may be automatically set by the PSS 110 via preprogrammed settings, or via the WUI 130 and/or the ODD 150 as commanded by a user. In such an alternative embodiment, the T/S 170 includes, for example, motors and/or servo-mechanisms, and signal commands from the PPS 110 activate the motors and/or servo-mechanisms. In accordance with a further alternative embodiment of the present invention, the positions of the table 171 and the arm 173 and the type of coupon are detected by the system 100. In this way, a user does not have to manually input the position information via the user interface. In such an alternative embodiment, the T/S 170 includes position and orientation detectors and sends signal commands to the PPS 110 to provide position and orientation information, and the WC 175 includes position detecting sensors (e.g., coiled sensors for detecting magnetic fields). A user is able to see a rendering of the T/S 170 adjust on the ODD 150 as the adjustment parameters are changed, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7A illustrates an example embodiment of a pipe welding coupon (WC) 175 of the system 100 of FIG. 1. The WC 175 simulates two six inch diameter pipes 175′ and 175″ placed together to form a root 176 to be welded. The WC 175 includes a connection portion 177 at one end of the WC 175, allowing the WC 175 to be attached in a precise and repeatable manner to the arm 173. FIG. 7B illustrates the pipe WC 175 of FIG. 7A mounted on the arm 173 of the table/stand (TS) 170 of FIG. 6. The precise and repeatable manner in which the WC 175 is capable of being attached to the arm 173 allows for spatial calibration of the WC 175 to be performed only once at the factory. Then, in the field, as long as the system 100 is told the position of the arm 173, the system 100 is able to track the MWT 160 and the FMDD 140 with respect to the WC 175 in a virtual environment. A first portion of the arm 173, to which the WC 175 is attached, is capable of being tilted with respect to a second portion of the arm 173, as shown in FIG. 6. This allows the user to practice pipe welding with the pipe in any of several different orientations and angles.

FIG. 8 illustrates various elements of an example embodiment of the spatial tracker (ST) 120 of FIG. 1. The ST 120 is a magnetic tracker that is capable of operatively interfacing with the PPS 110 of the system 100. The ST 120 includes a magnetic source 121 and source cable, at least one sensor 122 and associated cable, host software on disk 123, a power source 124 and associated cable, USB and RS-232 cables 125, and a processor tracking unit 126. The magnetic source 121 is capable of being operatively connected to the processor tracking unit 126 via a cable. The sensor 122 is capable of being operatively connected to the processor tracking unit 126 via a cable. The power source 124 is capable of being operatively connected to the processor tracking unit 126 via a cable. The processor tracking unit 126 is cable of being operatively connected to the PPS 110 via a USB or RS-232 cable 125. The host software on disk 123 is capable of being loaded onto the PPS 110 and allows functional communication between the ST 120 and the PPS 110.

Referring to FIG. 6, the magnetic source 121 of the ST 120 is mounted on the first portion of the arm 173. The magnetic source 121 creates a magnetic field around the source 121, including the space encompassing the WC 175 attached to the arm 173, which establishes a 3D spatial frame of reference. The T/S 170 is largely non-metallic (non-ferric and non-conductive) so as not to distort the magnetic field created by the magnetic source 121. The sensor 122 includes three induction coils orthogonally aligned along three spatial directions. The induction coils of the sensor 122 each measure the strength of the magnetic field in each of the three directions and provide that information to the processor tracking unit 126. As a result, the system 100 is able to know where any portion of the WC 175 is with respect to the 3D spatial frame of reference established by the magnetic field when the WC 175 is mounted on the arm 173. The sensor 122 may be attached to the MWT 160 or to the FMDD 140, allowing the MWT 160 or the FMDD 140 to be tracked by the ST 120 with respect to the 3D spatial frame of reference in both space and orientation. When two sensors 122 are provided and operatively connected to the processor tracking unit 126, both the MWT 160 and the FMDD 140 may be tracked. In this manner, the system 100 is capable of creating a virtual WC, a virtual MWT, and a virtual T/S in virtual reality space and displaying the virtual WC, the virtual MWT, and the virtual T/S on the FMDD 140 and/or the ODD 150 as the MWT 160 and the FMDD 140 are tracked with respect to the 3D spatial frame of reference.

In accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the sensor(s) 122 may wirelessly interface to the processor tracking unit 126, and the processor tracking unit 126 may wirelessly interface to the PPS 110. In accordance with other alternative embodiments of the present invention, other types of spatial trackers 120 may be used in the system 100 including, for example, an accelerometer/gyroscope-based tracker, an optical tracker (active or passive), an infrared tracker, an acoustic tracker, a laser tracker, a radio frequency tracker, an inertial tracker, and augmented reality based tracking systems. Other types of trackers may be possible as well.

FIG. 9A illustrates an example embodiment of the face-mounted display device 140 (FMDD) of the system 100 of FIG. 1. FIG. 9B is an illustration of how the FMDD 140 of FIG. 9A is secured on the head of a user. FIG. 9C illustrates an example embodiment of the FMDD 140 of FIG. 9A integrated into a welding helmet 900. The FMDD 140 operatively connects to the PPS 110 and the ST 120 either via wired means or wirelessly. A sensor 122 of the ST 120 may be attached to the FMDD 140 or to the welding helmet 900, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, allowing the FMDD 140 and/or welding helmet 900 to be tracked with respect to the 3D spatial frame of reference created by the ST 120.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the FMDD 140 includes two high-contrast SVGA 3D OLED microdisplays capable of delivering fluid full-motion video in the 2D and frame sequential video modes. Video of the virtual reality environment is provided and displayed on the FMDD 140. A zoom (e.g., 2×) mode may be provided, allowing a user to simulate a cheater lens, for example.

The FMDD 140 further includes two earbud speakers 910, allowing the user to hear simulated welding-related and environmental sounds produced by the system 100. The FMDD 140 may operatively interface to the PPS 110 via wired or wireless means, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the PPS 110 provides stereoscopic video to the FMDD 140, providing enhanced depth perception to the user. In accordance with an alternate embodiment of the present invention, a user is able to use a control on the MWT 160 (e.g., a button or switch) to call up and select menus and display options on the FMDD 140. This may allow the user to easily reset a weld if he makes a mistake, change certain parameters, or back up a little to re-do a portion of a weld bead trajectory, for example.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example embodiment of a subsystem block diagram of the programmable processor-based subsystem (PPS) 110 of the system 100 of FIG. 1. The PPS 110 includes a central processing unit (CPU) 111 and two graphics processing units (GPU) 115, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The two GPUs 115 are programmed to provide virtual reality simulation of a weld puddle (a.k.a. a weld pool) having real-time molten metal fluidity and heat absorption and dissipation characteristics, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example embodiment of a block diagram of a graphics processing unit (GPU) 115 of the PPS 110 of FIG. 10. Each GPU 115 supports the implementation of data parallel algorithms. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, each GPU 115 provides two video outputs 118 and 119 capable of providing two virtual reality views. Two of the video outputs may be routed to the FMDD 140, rendering the welder's point of view, and a third video output may be routed to the ODD 150, for example, rendering either the welder's point of view or some other point of view. The remaining fourth video output may be routed to a projector, for example. Both GPUs 115 perform the same welding physics computations but may render the virtual reality environment from the same or different points of view. The GPU 115 includes a compute unified device architecture (CUDA) 116 and a shader 117. The CUDA 116 is the computing engine of the GPU 115 which is accessible to software developers through industry standard programming languages. The CUDA 116 includes parallel cores and is used to run the physics model of the weld puddle simulation described herein. The CPU 111 provides real-time welding input data to the CUDA 116 on the GPU 115. The shader 117 is responsible for drawing and applying all of the visuals of the simulation. Bead and puddle visuals are driven by the state of a wexel displacement map which is described later herein. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the physics model runs and updates at a rate of about 30 times per second.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example embodiment of a functional block diagram of the system 100 of FIG. 1. The various functional blocks of the system 100 as shown in FIG. 12 are implemented largely via software instructions and modules running on the PPS 110. The various functional blocks of the system 100 include a physical interface 1201, torch and clamp models 1202, environment models 1203, sound content functionality 1204, welding sounds 1205, stand/table model 1206, internal architecture functionality 1207, calibration functionality 1208, coupon models 1210, welding physics 1211, internal physics adjustment tool (tweaker) 1212, graphical user interface functionality 1213, graphing functionality 1214, student reports functionality 1215, renderer 1216, bead rendering 1217, 3D textures 1218, visual cues functionality 1219, scoring and tolerance functionality 1220, tolerance editor 1221, and special effects 1222.

The internal architecture functionality 1207 provides the higher level software logistics of the processes of the system 100 including, for example, loading files, holding information, managing threads, turning the physics model on, and triggering menus. The internal architecture functionality 1207 runs on the CPU 111, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Certain real-time inputs to the PPS 110 include arc location, gun position, FMDD or helmet position, gun on/off state, and contact made state (yes/no).

The graphical user interface functionality 1213 allows a user, through the ODD 150 using the joystick 132 of the physical user interface 130, to set up a welding scenario. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the set up of a welding scenario includes selecting a language, entering a user name, selecting a practice plate (i.e., a welding coupon), selecting a welding process (e.g., FCAW, GMAW, SMAW) and associated axial spray, pulse, or short arc methods, selecting a gas type and flow rate, selecting a type of stick electrode (e.g., 6010 or 7018), and selecting a type of flux cored wire (e.g., self-shielded, gas-shielded). The set up of a welding scenario also includes selecting a table height, an arm height, an arm position, and an arm rotation of the T/S 170. The set up of a welding scenario further includes selecting an environment (e.g., a background environment in virtual reality space), setting a wire feed speed, setting a voltage level, setting an amperage, selecting a polarity, and turning particular visual cues on or off.

During a simulated welding scenario, the graphing functionality 1214 gathers user performance parameters and provides the user performance parameters to the graphical user interface functionality 1213 for display in a graphical format (e.g., on the ODD 150). Tracking information from the ST 120 feeds into the graphing functionality 1214. The graphing functionality 1214 includes a simple analysis module (SAM) and a whip/weave analysis module (WWAM). The SAM analyzes user welding parameters including welding travel angle, travel speed, weld angle, position, and tip to work distance by comparing the welding parameters to data stored in bead tables. The WWAM analyzes user whipping parameters including dime spacing, whip time, and puddle time. The WWAM also analyzes user weaving parameters including width of weave, weave spacing, and weave timing. The SAM and WWAM interpret raw input data (e.g., position and orientation data) into functionally usable data for graphing. For each parameter analyzed by the SAM and the WWAM, a tolerance window is defined by parameter limits around an optimum or ideal set point input into bead tables using the tolerance editor 1221, and scoring and tolerance functionality 1220 is performed.

The tolerance editor 1221 includes a weldometer which approximates material usage, electrical usage, and welding time. Furthermore, when certain parameters are out of tolerance, welding discontinuities (i.e., welding defects) may occur. The state of any welding discontinuities are processed by the graphing functionality 1214 and presented via the graphical user interface functionality 1213 in a graphical format. Such welding discontinuities include improper weld size, poor bead placement, concave bead, excessive convexity, undercut, porosity, incomplete fusion, slag entrapment, overfill, burnthrough, and excessive spatter. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the level or amount of a discontinuity is dependent on how far away a particular user parameter is from the optimum or ideal set point.

Different parameter limits may be pre-defined for different types of users such as, for example, welding novices, welding experts, and persons at a trade show. The scoring and tolerance functionality 1220 provide number scores depending on how close to optimum (ideal) a user is for a particular parameter and depending on the level of discontinuities or defects present in the weld. The optimum values are derived from real-world data. Information from the scoring and tolerance functionality 1220 and from the graphics functionality 1214 may be used by the student reports functionality 1215 to create a performance report for an instructor and/or a student.

The system 100 is capable of analyzing and displaying the results of virtual welding activity. By analyzing the results, it is meant that system 100 is capable of determining when during the welding pass and where along the weld joints, the user deviated from the acceptable limits of the welding process. A score may be attributed to the user's performance. In one embodiment, the score may be a function of deviation in position, orientation and speed of the mock welding tool 160 through ranges of tolerances, which may extend from an ideal welding pass to marginal or unacceptable welding activity. Any gradient of ranges may be incorporated into the system 100 as chosen for scoring the user's performance. Scoring may be displayed numerically or alpha-numerically. Additionally, the user's performance may be displayed graphically showing, in time and/or position along the weld joint, how closely the mock welding tool traversed the weld joint. Parameters such as travel angle, work angle, speed, and distance from the weld joint are examples of what may be measured, although any parameters may be analyzed for scoring purposes. The tolerance ranges of the parameters are taken from real-world welding data, thereby providing accurate feedback as to how the user will perform in the real world. In another embodiment, analysis of the defects corresponding to the user's performance may also be incorporated and displayed on the ODD 150. In this embodiment, a graph may be depicted indicating what type of discontinuity resulted from measuring the various parameters monitored during the virtual welding activity. While occlusions may not be visible on the ODD 150, defects may still have occurred as a result of the user's performance, the results of which may still be correspondingly displayed, i.e. graphed.

Visual cues functionality 1219 provide immediate feedback to the user by displaying overlaid colors and indicators on the FMDD 140 and/or the ODD 150. Visual cues are provided for each of the welding parameters 151 including position, tip to work distance, weld angle, travel angle, travel speed, and arc length (e.g., for stick welding) and visually indicate to the user if some aspect of the user's welding technique should be adjusted based on the predefined limits or tolerances. Visual cues may also be provided for whip/weave technique and weld bead “dime” spacing, for example. Visual cues may be set independently or in any desired combination.

Calibration functionality 1208 provides the capability to match up physical components in real world space (3D frame of reference) with visual components in virtual reality space. Each different type of welding coupon (WC) is calibrated in the factory by mounting the WC to the arm 173 of the T/S 170 and touching the WC at predefined points (indicated by, for example, three dimples on the WC) with a calibration stylus operatively connected to the ST 120. The ST 120 reads the magnetic field intensities at the predefined points, provides position information to the PPS 110, and the PPS 110 uses the position information to perform the calibration (i.e., the translation from real world space to virtual reality space).

Any particular type of WC fits into the arm 173 of the T/S 170 in the same repeatable way to within very tight tolerances. Therefore, once a particular WC type is calibrated, that WC type does not have to be re-calibrated (i.e., calibration of a particular type of WC is a one-time event). WCs of the same type are interchangeable. Calibration ensures that physical feedback perceived by the user during a welding process matches up with what is displayed to the user in virtual reality space, making the simulation seem more real. For example, if the user slides the tip of a MWT 160 around the corner of a actual WC 180, the user will see the tip sliding around the corner of the virtual WC on the FMDD 140 as the user feels the tip sliding around the actual corner. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the MWT 160 is placed in a pre-positioned jig and is calibrated as well, based on the known jig position.

In accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention, “smart” coupons are provided, having sensors on, for example, the corners of the coupons. The ST 120 is able to track the corners of a “smart” coupon such that the system 100 continuously knows where the “smart” coupon is in real world 3D space. In accordance with a further alternative embodiment of the present invention, licensing keys are provided to “unlock” welding coupons. When a particular WC is purchased, a licensing key is provided allowing the user to enter the licensing key into the system 100, unlocking the software associated with that WC. In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, special non-standard welding coupons may be provided based on real-world CAD drawings of parts. Users may be able to train on welding a CAD part even before the part is actually produced in the real world.

Sound content functionality 1204 and welding sounds 1205 provide particular types of welding sounds that change depending on if certain welding parameters are within tolerance or out of tolerance. Sounds are tailored to the various welding processes and parameters. For example, in a MIG spray arc welding process, a crackling sound is provided when the user does not have the MWT 160 positioned correctly, and a hissing sound is provided when the MWT 160 is positioned correctly. In a short arc welding process, a steady crackling or frying sound is provided for proper welding technique, and a hissing sound may be provided when undercutting is occurring. These sounds mimic real world sounds corresponding to correct and incorrect welding technique.

High fidelity sound content may be taken from real world recordings of actual welding using a variety of electronic and mechanical means, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the perceived volume and directionality of sound is modified depending on the position, orientation, and distance of the user's head (assuming the user is wearing a FMDD 140 that is tracked by the ST 120) with respect to the simulated arc between the MWT 160 and the WC 180. Sound may be provided to the user via ear bud speakers 910 in the FMDD 140 or via speakers configured in the console 135 or T/S 170, for example.

Environment models 1203 are provided to provide various background scenes (still and moving) in virtual reality space. Such background environments may include, for example, an indoor welding shop, an outdoor race track, a garage, etc. and may include moving cars, people, birds, clouds, and various environmental sounds. The background environment may be interactive, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. For example, a user may have to survey a background area, before starting welding, to ensure that the environment is appropriate (e.g., safe) for welding. Torch and clamp models 1202 are provided which model various MWTs 160 including, for example, guns, holders with stick electrodes, etc. in virtual reality space.

Coupon models 1210 are provided which model various WCs 180 including, for example, flat plate coupons, T-joint coupons, butt-joint coupons, groove-weld coupons, and pipe coupons (e.g., 2-inch diameter pipe and 6-inch diameter pipe) in virtual reality space. A stand/table model 1206 is provided which models the various parts of the T/S 170 including an adjustable table 171, a stand 172, an adjustable arm 173, and a vertical post 174 in virtual reality space. A physical interface model 1201 is provided which models the various parts of the welding user interface 130, console 135, and ODD 150 in virtual reality space.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, simulation of a weld puddle or pool in virtual reality space is accomplished where the simulated weld puddle has real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics. At the heart of the weld puddle simulation is the welding physics functionality 1211 (a.k.a., the physics model) which is run on the GPUs 115, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The welding physics functionality employs a double displacement layer technique to accurately model dynamic fluidity/viscosity, solidity, heat gradient (heat absorption and dissipation), puddle wake, and bead shape, and is described in more detail herein with respect to FIGS. 14A-14C.

The welding physics functionality 1211 communicates with the bead rendering functionality 1217 to render a weld bead in all states from the heated molten state to the cooled solidified state. The bead rendering functionality 1217 uses information from the welding physics functionality 1211 (e.g., heat, fluidity, displacement, dime spacing) to accurately and realistically render a weld bead in virtual reality space in real-time. The 3D textures functionality 1218 provides texture maps to the bead rendering functionality 1217 to overlay additional textures (e.g., scorching, slag, grain) onto the simulated weld bead. For example, slag may be shown rendered over a weld bead during and just after a welding process, and then removed to reveal the underlying weld bead. The renderer functionality 1216 is used to render various non-puddle specific characteristics using information from the special effects module 1222 including sparks, spatter, smoke, arc glow, fumes and gases, and certain discontinuities such as, for example, undercut and porosity.

The internal physics adjustment tool 1212 is a tweaking tool that allows various welding physics parameters to be defined, updated, and modified for the various welding processes. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the internal physics adjustment tool 1212 runs on the CPU 111 and the adjusted or updated parameters are downloaded to the GPUs 115. The types of parameters that may be adjusted via the internal physics adjustment tool 1212 include parameters related to welding coupons, process parameters that allow a process to be changed without having to reset a welding coupon (allows for doing a second pass), various global parameters that can be changed without resetting the entire simulation, and other various parameters.

FIG. 13 is a flow chart of an embodiment of a method 1300 of training using the virtual reality training system 100 of FIG. 1. In step 1310, move a mock welding tool with respect to a welding coupon in accordance with a welding technique. In step 1320, track position and orientation of the mock welding tool in three-dimensional space using a virtual reality system. In step 1330, view a display of the virtual reality welding system showing a real-time virtual reality simulation of the mock welding tool and the welding coupon in a virtual reality space as the simulated mock welding tool deposits a simulated weld bead material onto at least one simulated surface of the simulated welding coupon by forming a simulated weld puddle in the vicinity of a simulated arc emitting from said simulated mock welding tool. In step 1340, view on the display, real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics of the simulated weld puddle. In step 1350, modify in real-time, at least one aspect of the welding technique in response to viewing the real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics of the simulated weld puddle.

The method 1300 illustrates how a user is able to view a weld puddle in virtual reality space and modify his welding technique in response to viewing various characteristics of the simulated weld puddle, including real-time molten metal fluidity (e.g., viscosity) and heat dissipation. The user may also view and respond to other characteristics including real-time puddle wake and dime spacing. Viewing and responding to characteristics of the weld puddle is how most welding operations are actually performed in the real world. The double displacement layer modeling of the welding physics functionality 1211 run on the GPUs 115 allows for such real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics to be accurately modeled and represented to the user. For example, heat dissipation determines solidification time (i.e., how much time it takes for a wexel to completely solidify).

Furthermore, a user may make a second pass over the weld bead material using the same or a different (e.g., a second) mock welding tool and/or welding process. In such a second pass scenario, the simulation shows the simulated mock welding tool, the welding coupon, and the original simulated weld bead material in virtual reality space as the simulated mock welding tool deposits a second simulated weld bead material merging with the first simulated weld bead material by forming a second simulated weld puddle in the vicinity of a simulated arc emitting from the simulated mock welding tool. Additional subsequent passes using the same or different welding tools or processes may be made in a similar manner. In any second or subsequent pass, the previous weld bead material is merged with the new weld bead material being deposited as a new weld puddle is formed in virtual reality space from the combination of any of the previous weld bead material, the new weld bead material, and possibly the underlying coupon material in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention. Such subsequent passes may be needed to make a large fillet or groove weld, performed to repair a weld bead formed by a previous pass, for example, or may include a hot pass and one or more fill and cap passes after a root pass as is done in pipe welding. In accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, weld bead and base material may include mild steel, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel based alloys, or other materials.

FIGS. 14A-14B illustrate the concept of a welding element (wexel) displacement map 1420, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 14A shows a side view of a flat welding coupon (WC) 1400 having a flat top surface 1410. The welding coupon 1400 exists in the real world as, for example, a plastic part, and also exists in virtual reality space as a simulated welding coupon. FIG. 14B shows a representation of the top surface 1410 of the simulated WC 1400 broken up into a grid or array of welding elements (i.e., wexels) forming a wexel map 1420. Each wexel (e.g., wexel 1421) defines a small portion of the surface 1410 of the welding coupon. The wexel map defines the surface resolution. Changeable channel parameter values are assigned to each wexel, allowing values of each wexel to dynamically change in real-time in virtual reality weld space during a simulated welding process. The changeable channel parameter values correspond to the channels Puddle (molten metal fluidity/viscosity displacement), Heat (heat absorption/dissipation), Displacement (solid displacement), and Extra (various extra states, e.g., slag, grain, scorching, virgin metal). These changeable channels are referred to herein as PHED for Puddle, Heat, Extra, and Displacement, respectively.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example embodiment of a coupon space and a weld space of the flat welding coupon (WC) 1400 of FIG. 14 simulated in the system 100 of FIG. 1. Points O, X, Y, and Z define the local 3D coupon space. In general, each coupon type defines the mapping from 3D coupon space to 2D virtual reality weld space. The wexel map 1420 of FIG. 14 is a two-dimensional array of values that map to weld space in virtual reality. A user is to weld from point B to point E as shown in FIG. 15. A trajectory line from point B to point E is shown in both 3D coupon space and 2D weld space in FIG. 15.

Each type of coupon defines the direction of displacement for each location in the wexel map. For the flat welding coupon of FIG. 15, the direction of displacement is the same at all locations in the wexel map (i.e., in the Z-direction). The texture coordinates of the wexel map are shown as S, T (sometimes called U, V) in both 3D coupon space and 2D weld space, in order to clarify the mapping. The wexel map is mapped to and represents the rectangular surface 1410 of the welding coupon 1400.

FIG. 16 illustrates an example embodiment of a coupon space and a weld space of a corner (tee joint) welding coupon (WC) 1600 simulated in the system 100 of FIG. 1. The corner WC 1600 has two surfaces 1610 and 1620 in 3D coupon space that are mapped to 2D weld space as shown in FIG. 16. Again, points O, X, Y, and Z define the local 3D coupon space. The texture coordinates of the wexel map are shown as S, T in both 3D coupon space and 2D weld space, in order to clarify the mapping. A user is to weld from point B to point E as shown in FIG. 16. A trajectory line from point B to point E is shown in both 3D coupon space and 2D weld space in FIG. 16. However, the direction of displacement is towards the line X′-O′ as shown in the 3D coupon space, towards the opposite corner as shown in FIG. 16.

FIG. 17 illustrates an example embodiment of a coupon space and a weld space of a pipe welding coupon (WC) 1700 simulated in the system 100 of FIG. 1. The pipe WC 1700 has a curved surface 1710 in 3D coupon space that is mapped to 2D weld space as shown in FIG. 17. Again, points O, X, Y, and Z define the local 3D coupon space. The texture coordinates of the wexel map are shown as S, T in both 3D coupon space and 2D weld space, in order to clarify the mapping. A user is to weld from point B to point E along a curved trajectory as shown in FIG. 17. A trajectory curve and line from point B to point E is shown in 3D coupon space and 2D weld space, respectively, in FIG. 17. The direction of displacement is away from the line Y-O (i.e., away from the center of the pipe). FIG. 18 illustrates an example embodiment of the pipe welding coupon (WC) 1700 of FIG. 17. The pipe WC 1700 is made of a non-ferric, non-conductive plastic and simulates two pipe pieces 1701 and 1702 coming together to form a root joint 1703. An attachment piece 1704 for attaching to the arm 173 of the T/S 170 is also shown.

In a similar manner that a texture map may be mapped to a rectangular surface area of a geometry, a weldable wexel map may be mapped to a rectangular surface of a welding coupon. Each element of the weldable map is termed a wexel in the same sense that each element of a picture is termed a pixel (a contraction of picture element). A pixel contains channels of information that define a color (e.g., red, green, blue, etc.). A wexel contains channels of information (e.g., P, H, E, D) that define a weldable surface in virtual reality space.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the format of a wexel is summarized as channels PHED (Puddle, Heat, Extra, Displacement) which contains four floating point numbers. The Extra channel is treated as a set of bits which store logical information about the wexel such as, for example, whether or not there is any slag at the wexel location. The Puddle channel stores a displacement value for any liquefied metal at the wexel location. The Displacement channel stores a displacement value for the solidified metal at the wexel location. The Heat channel stores a value giving the magnitude of heat at the wexel location. In this way, the weldable part of the coupon can show displacement due to a welded bead, a shimmering surface “puddle” due to liquid metal, color due to heat, etc. All of these effects are achieved by the vertex and pixel shaders applied to the weldable surface.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a displacement map and a particle system are used where the particles can interact with each other and collide with the displacement map. The particles are virtual dynamic fluid particles and provide the liquid behavior of the weld puddle but are not rendered directly (i.e., are not visually seen directly). Instead, only the particle effects on the displacement map are visually seen. Heat input to a wexel affects the movement of nearby particles. There are two types of displacement involved in simulating a welding puddle which include Puddle and Displacement. Puddle is “temporary” and only lasts as long as there are particles and heat present. Displacement is “permanent”. Puddle displacement is the liquid metal of the weld which changes rapidly (e.g., shimmers) and can be thought of as being “on top” of the Displacement. The particles overlay a portion of a virtual surface displacement map (i.e., a wexel map). The Displacement represents the permanent solid metal including both the initial base metal and the weld bead that has solidified.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the simulated welding process in virtual reality space works as follows: Particles stream from the emitter (emitter of the simulated MWT 160) in a thin cone. The particles make first contact with the surface of the simulated welding coupon where the surface is defined by a wexel map. The particles interact with each other and the wexel map and build up in real-time. More heat is added the nearer a wexel is to the emitter. Heat is modeled in dependence on distance from the arc point and the amount of time that heat is input from the arc. Certain visuals (e.g., color, etc.) are driven by the heat. A weld puddle is drawn or rendered in virtual reality space for wexels having enough heat. Wherever it is hot enough, the wexel map liquefies, causing the Puddle displacement to “raise up” for those wexel locations. Puddle displacement is determined by sampling the “highest” particles at each wexel location. As the emitter moves on along the weld trajectory, the wexel locations left behind cool. Heat is removed from a wexel location at a particular rate. When a cooling threshold is reached, the wexel map solidifies. As such, the Puddle displacement is gradually converted to Displacement (i.e., a solidified bead). Displacement added is equivalent to Puddle removed such that the overall height does not change. Particle lifetimes are tweaked or adjusted to persist until solidification is complete. Certain particle properties that are modeled in the system 100 include attraction/repulsion, velocity (related to heat), dampening (related to heat dissipation), direction (related to gravity).

FIGS. 19A-19C illustrate an example embodiment of the concept of a dual-displacement (displacement and particles) puddle model of the system 100 of FIG. 1. Welding coupons are simulated in virtual reality space having at least one surface. The surfaces of the welding coupon are simulated in virtual reality space as a double displacement layer including a solid displacement layer and a puddle displacement layer. The puddle displacement layer is capable of modifying the solid displacement layer.

As described herein, “puddle” is defined by an area of the wexel map where the Puddle value has been raised up by the presence of particles. The sampling process is represented in FIGS. 19A-19C. A section of a wexel map is shown having seven adjacent wexels. The current Displacement values are represented by un-shaded rectangular bars 1910 of a given height (i.e., a given displacement for each wexel). In FIG. 19A, the particles 1920 are shown as round un-shaded dots colliding with the current Displacement levels and are piled up. In FIG. 19B, the “highest” particle heights 1930 are sampled at each wexel location. In FIG. 19C, the shaded rectangles 1940 show how much Puddle has been added on top of the Displacement as a result of the particles. The weld puddle height is not instantly set to the sampled values since Puddle is added at a particular liquification rate based on Heat. Although not shown in FIGS. 19A-19C, it is possible to visualize the solidification process as the Puddle (shaded rectangles) gradually shrink and the Displacement (un-shaded rectangles) gradually grow from below to exactly take the place of the Puddle. In this manner, real-time molten metal fluidity characteristics are accurately simulated. As a user practices a particular welding process, the user is able to observe the molten metal fluidity characteristics and the heat dissipation characteristics of the weld puddle in real-time in virtual reality space and use this information to adjust or maintain his welding technique.

The number of wexels representing the surface of a welding coupon is fixed. Furthermore, the puddle particles that are generated by the simulation to model fluidity are temporary, as described herein. Therefore, once an initial puddle is generated in virtual reality space during a simulated welding process using the system 100, the number of wexels plus puddle particles tends to remain relatively constant. This is because the number of wexels that are being processed is fixed and the number of puddle particles that exist and are being processed during the welding process tend to remain relatively constant because puddle particles are being created and “destroyed” at a similar rate (i.e., the puddle particles are temporary). Therefore, the processing load of the PPS 110 remains relatively constant during a simulated welding session.

In accordance with an alternate embodiment of the present invention, puddle particles may be generated within or below the surface of the welding coupon. In such an embodiment, displacement may be modeled as being positive or negative with respect to the original surface displacement of a virgin (i.e., un-welded) coupon. In this manner, puddle particles may not only build up on the surface of a welding coupon, but may also penetrate the welding coupon. However, the number of wexels is still fixed and the puddle particles being created and destroyed is still relatively constant.

In accordance with alternate embodiments of the present invention, instead of modeling particles, a wexel displacement map may be provided having more channels to model the fluidity of the puddle. Or, instead of modeling particles, a dense voxel map may be modeled. Or, instead of a wexel map, only particles may be modeled which are sampled and never go away. Such alternative embodiments may not provide a relatively constant processing load for the system, however.

Furthermore, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, blowthrough or a keyhole is simulated by taking material away. For example, if a user keeps an arc in the same location for too long, in the real world, the material would burn away causing a hole. Such real-world burnthrough is simulated in the system 100 by wexel decimation techniques. If the amount of heat absorbed by a wexel is determined to be too high by the system 100, that wexel may be flagged or designated as being burned away and rendered as such (e.g., rendered as a hole). Subsequently, however, wexel re-constitution may occur for certain welding process (e.g., pipe welding) where material is added back after being initially burned away. In general, the system 100 simulates wexel decimation (taking material away) and wexel reconstitution (i.e., adding material back). Furthermore, removing material in root-pass welding is properly simulated in the system 100.

Furthermore, removing material in root-pass welding is properly simulated in the system 100. For example, in the real world, grinding of the root pass may be performed prior to subsequent welding passes. Similarly, system 100 may simulate a grinding pass that removes material from the virtual weld joint. It will be appreciated that the material removed may be modeled as a negative displacement on the wexel map. That is to say that the grinding pass removes material that is modeled by the system 100 resulting in an altered bead contour. Simulation of the grinding pass may be automatic, which is to say that the system 100 removes a predetermined thickness of material, which may be respective to the surface of the root pass weld bead.

In an alternative embodiment, an actual grinding tool, or grinder, may be simulated that turns on and off by activation of the mock welding tool 160 or another input device. It is noted that the grinding tool may be simulated to resemble a real world grinder. In this embodiment, the user maneuvers the grinding tool along the root pass to remove material responsive to the movement thereof. It will be understood that the user may be allowed to remove too much material. In a manner similar to that described above, holes or other defects (described above) may result if the user grinds away too much material. Still, hard limits or stops may be implemented, i.e. programmed, to prevent the user from removing too much material or indicate when too much material is being removed.

In addition to the non-visible “puddle” particles described herein, the system 100 also uses three other types of visible particles to represent Arc, Flame, and Spark effects, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. These types of particles do not interact with other particles of any type but interact only with the displacement map. While these particles do collide with the simulated weld surface, they do not interact with each other. Only Puddle particles interact with each other, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The physics of the Spark particles is setup such that the Spark particles bounce around and are rendered as glowing dots in virtual reality space.

The physics of the Arc particles is setup such that the Arc particles hit the surface of the simulated coupon or weld bead and stay for a while. The Arc particles are rendered as larger dim bluish-white spots in virtual reality space. It takes many such spots superimposed to form any sort of visual image. The end result is a white glowing nimbus with blue edges.

The physics of the Flame particles is modeled to slowly raise upward. The Flame particles are rendered as medium sized dim red-yellow spots. It takes many such spots superimposed to form any sort of visual image. The end result is blobs of orange-red flames with red edges raising upward and fading out. Other types of non-puddle particles may be implemented in the system 100, in accordance with other embodiments of the present invention. For example, smoke particles may be modeled and simulated in a similar manner to flame particles.

The final steps in the simulated visualization are handled by the vertex and pixel shaders provided by the shaders 117 of the GPUs 115. The vertex and pixel shaders apply Puddle and Displacement, as well as surface colors and reflectivity altered due to heat, etc. The Extra (E) channel of the PHED wexel format, as discussed earlier herein, contains all of the extra information used per wexel. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the extra information includes a non virgin bit (true=bead, false=virgin steel), a slag bit, an undercut value (amount of undercut at this wexel where zero equals no undercut), a porosity value (amount of porosity at this wexel where zero equals no porosity), and a bead wake value which encodes the time at which the bead solidifies. There are a set of image maps associated with different coupon visuals including virgin steel, slag, bead, and porosity. These image maps are used both for bump mapping and texture mapping. The amount of blending of these image maps is controlled by the various flags and values described herein.

A bead wake effect is achieved using a 1D image map and a per wexel bead wake value that encodes the time at which a given bit of bead is solidified. Once a hot puddle wexel location is no longer hot enough to be called “puddle”, a time is saved at that location and is called “bead wake”. The end result is that the shader code is able to use the 1D texture map to draw the “ripples” that give a bead its unique appearance which portrays the direction in which the bead was laid down. In accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the system 100 is capable of simulating, in virtual reality space, and displaying a weld bead having a real-time weld bead wake characteristic resulting from a real-time fluidity-to-solidification transition of the simulated weld puddle, as the simulated weld puddle is moved along a weld trajectory.

In accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the system 100 is capable of teaching a user how to troubleshoot a welding machine. For example, a troubleshooting mode of the system may train a user to make sure he sets up the system correctly (e.g., correct gas flow rate, correct power cord connected, etc.) In accordance with another alternate embodiment of the present invention, the system 100 is capable of recording and playing back a welding session (or at least a portion of a welding session, for example, N frames). A track ball may be provided to scroll through frames of video, allowing a user or instructor to critique a welding session. Playback may be provided at selectable speeds as well (e.g., full speed, half speed, quarter speed). In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a split-screen playback may be provided, allowing two welding sessions to be viewed side-by-side, for example, on the ODD 150. For example, a “good” welding session may be viewed next to a “poor” welding session for comparison purposes.

In accordance with certain embodiments, the display of virtual reality elements in a stereoscopic 3D transmission format is provided. Stereoscopy (3D imaging) is a technique for generating or improving the perception of depth in an image by means of stereopsis for binocular vision. Stereoscopic methods often present two offset images, separately, to the right eye and the left eye of a person viewing the images. The brain of the person tends to combine the images, which are two-dimensional images, to provide the illusion of three-dimensional depth. Stereoscopic methods differ from simple 3D methods that simply display an image in three full dimensions. Stereoscopic methods allow the viewing person to observe more information about the 3-dimensional objects being displayed by moving their eyes and/or head. Many stereoscopic techniques require a user to wear 3D eyewear such as active or passive 3D glasses. However, the auto-stereoscopy technique allows for the displaying and viewing of stereoscopic images without the use of any 3D eyewear by the user.

One embodiment provides a system including a programmable processor-based subsystem configured to generate simulation data corresponding to a virtual weldment generated in real time in virtual reality space. The system also includes a 3D conversion unit operatively connected to the programmable processor-based subsystem and configured to convert at least a portion of the simulation data, representative of at least a portion of the virtual weldment, to 3D data in a stereoscopic 3D transmission format. The system further includes a 3D display-facilitating device operatively connected to the 3D conversion unit and configured to receive the 3D data from the 3D conversion unit and facilitate displaying of a stereoscopic representation of the 3D data. The 3D display-facilitating device may be a 3D projector or a 3D television set, for example. A weld bead portion of the virtual weldment may result from a simulated weld puddle having real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics providing a real-time fluidity-to-solidification transition of the simulated weld puddle as the simulated weld puddle is moved to form the weld bead portion of the virtual weldment. The system may also include a display screen operatively connected to the 3D display-facilitating device and configured to display the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data, and 3D eyewear configured to be worn by a user to view the representation of the stereoscopic 3D data on the display screen as a 3D image in 3D space. The system may further include a 3D user interface operatively interfacing to the 3D display-facilitating device and configured to allow a user to manipulate a spatial orientation of the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data on the display screen. The simulation data may be representative of at least a cross-sectional portion of the virtual weldment.

One embodiment provides a method including generating simulation data corresponding to a simulated weld bead generated in real time, in virtual reality space, having real-time weld bead wake characteristics. The simulation data may be representative of at least a cross-sectional portion of the simulated weld bead. The method also includes converting the simulation data, representative of the weld bead, to 3D data in a stereoscopic 3D transmission format, and displaying a stereoscopic representation of the 3D data. The simulated weld bead may result from a simulated weld puddle having real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics providing a real-time fluidity-to-solidification transition of the simulated weld puddle as the simulated weld puddle is moved to form the simulated weld bead. Displaying the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data may include projecting the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data onto a display screen. Displaying the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data may include displaying the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data on a display screen of a 3D television set. The method may further include viewing the displayed stereoscopic representation of the 3D data by using 3D eyewear configured to be worn by a user. The method may also include manipulating a spatial orientation of the displayed stereoscopic representation of the 3D data.

One embodiment provides a method including generating simulation data corresponding to a virtual welding environment in virtual reality space. The method also includes converting a portion of the simulation data, representative of a portion of the virtual welding environment, to 3D data in a stereoscopic 3D transmission format, and displaying a stereoscopic representation of the 3D data. The portion of the virtual welding environment may include one or more of a simulated welding electrode (e.g., stick or wire), a simulated welding tool, a simulated weldment, or a simulated welding coupon. The method may further include manipulating a spatial orientation of the displayed stereoscopic representation of the 3D data. The method may also include viewing the displayed stereoscopic representation of the 3D data by using 3D eyewear configured to be worn by a user. Alternatively, the stereoscopic 3D transmission format may be an auto-stereoscopic format where 3D eyewear is not used for viewing.

FIG. 20 illustrates a second example embodiment of a system block diagram of a system 2000 providing arc welding training in a real-time virtual reality environment. The system 2000 is similar to the system 100 of FIG. 1. However, the system 2000 includes a 3D conversion unit 2010 operatively connected to the PPS 110. The 3D conversion unit 2010 is configured to receive simulation data from the PPS 110 and convert the simulation data to 3D data being in a stereoscopic 3D transmission format.

The simulation data may be representative of any portion of a simulated virtual reality welding environment including, for example, a simulated weldment, a simulated weld bead, a simulated welding electrode (e.g., stick or wire), a simulated welding tool (e.g., gun or torch), or a simulated welding coupon. For example, a cross-sectional portion of a simulated weldment or weld bead allows a user to see inside a virtual weld to check for internal defects. In accordance with an embodiment, a user may use the welding user interface 130 to select which portion of a virtual welding environment to convert to 3D data. The stereoscopic 3D transmission format allows a user to view a selected portion of the virtual welding environment, presented on a display screen, as a 3D image appearing in 3D space. Examples of types of stereoscopic 3D transmission formats are frame sequential, frame packing, side-by-side, and checkerboard. Other transmission formats are possible as well, in accordance with other embodiments.

FIG. 21 illustrates an example embodiment of a system block diagram of a system 2100 providing stereoscopic 3D viewing of virtual elements generated as part of a virtual welding environment using the system 2000 of FIG. 20. The system 2100 includes the system 2000 of FIG. 20, a 3D display-facilitating device (e.g., a 3D television or a 3D projector) 2110 operatively connected to the system 2000, a display screen 2120 operatively connected to the 3D display-facilitating device 2110, and a user interface 2130.

The 3D data from the 3D conversion unit 2010 of the system 2000 may be transmitted to the 3D display-facilitating device 2110 in a stereoscopic 3D transmission format. The 3D display-facilitating device 2110 receives the 3D data and provides a stereoscopic representation of the 3D data to the display screen 2120 for displaying (e.g., via projection). If the stereoscopic 3D transmission format is an auto-stereoscopic format, then a user may view the representation of the stereoscopic 3D data on the display screen 2120 as a 3D image appearing in 3D space without the aid of 3D eyewear (e.g., 3D glasses). Otherwise, the system 2100 may include a set of 3D eyewear 2140 configured to be worn by a user to view the representation of the stereoscopic 3D data on the display screen 2120 as a 3D image appearing in 3D space. The 3D eyewear may be of the passive type or the active type, depending on the configuration of the 3D television or 3D projector.

The user interface 2130 allows a welding student or instructor to manipulate or change the spatial orientation of the 3D data on the display screen. As a result, a welding student or instructor viewing in stereoscopic 3D, for example, the results of a virtual weldment created by the student using the system of FIG. 21 may have a better understanding of what he is viewing, increase his comprehension, and retain what he has learned more effectively over time. The 3D user interface 2130 may include, for example, one or more of a keyboard, a computer mouse, a joy stick, or a track ball.

In accordance with an embodiment, the 3D data generated by the 3D conversion unit may be in the form of static 3D frames or dynamic 3D video. For example, a welding instructor may be able to view a virtual welding gun in relation to a virtual weldment in 3D as created during a virtual welding session by a welding student and recorded by the system 2100. In this manner, the welding instructor may replay and view the recorded welding session in 3D, observing how the student positioned and moved the welding gun to create the virtual weld. In accordance with an embodiment, the user interface 2130 may provide measurement tools, allowing a user to make measurements of regions of interest of a displayed 3D image. Furthermore, the user interface 2130 may allow a user to segment a region of the displayed 3D image and enlarge the segmented region for better viewing.

In accordance with an embodiment, the system 2100 may store a library of 3D formatted images and/or videos showing, for example, various types of welds and welding techniques created using the system 2000, blueprints, welding coupons, or other instructional images or videos which may be more easily visualized in 3D using the system 2100. For example, the system 2000 or the system 2100 may include a storage device 2020 or 2150 (e.g., a hard drive or a database subsystem) configured to store the 3D formatted information.

While the invention has been described with reference to certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a programmable processor-based subsystem configured to generate simulation data corresponding to a virtual weldment generated in real time, in virtual reality space; a three-dimensional (3D) conversion unit operatively connected to the programmable processor-based subsystem and configured to convert at least a portion of the simulation data, representative of at least a portion of the virtual weldment, to 3D data in a stereoscopic 3D transmission format; and a 3D display-facilitating device operatively connected to the 3D conversion unit and configured to receive the 3D data from the 3D conversion unit and facilitate displaying of a stereoscopic representation of the 3D data.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the 3D display facilitating device comprises a 3D projector.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the 3D display facilitating device comprises a 3D television set.
 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a display screen operatively connected to the 3D display-facilitating device and configured to display the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data; and 3D eyewear configured to be worn by a user to view the representation of the stereoscopic 3D data on the display screen as a 3D image in 3D space.
 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a display screen operatively connected to the 3D display facilitating device and configured to display the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data.
 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising a 3D user interface operatively interfacing to the 3D display-facilitating device and configured to allow a user to manipulate a spatial orientation of the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data on the display screen.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the simulation data is representative of at least a cross-sectional portion of the virtual weldment.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein a weld bead portion of the virtual weldment results from a simulated weld puddle having real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics providing a real-time fluidity-to-solidification transition of the simulated weld puddle as the simulated weld puddle is moved to form the weld bead portion of the virtual weldment.
 9. A method comprising: generating simulation data corresponding to a simulated weld bead generated in real time, in virtual reality space, having real-time weld bead wake characteristics; converting the simulation data, representative of the weld bead, to 3D data in a stereoscopic 3D transmission format; and displaying a stereoscopic representation of the 3D data.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the simulated weld bead results from a simulated weld puddle having real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics providing a real-time fluidity-to-solidification transition of the simulated weld puddle as the simulated weld puddle is moved to form the simulated weld bead.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein displaying the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data includes projecting the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data onto a display screen.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein displaying the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data includes displaying the stereoscopic representation of the 3D data on a display screen of a 3D television set.
 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising viewing the displayed stereoscopic representation of the 3D data by using 3D eyewear configured to be worn by a user.
 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising manipulating a spatial orientation of the displayed stereoscopic representation of the 3D data.
 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the simulation data is representative of at least a cross-sectional portion of the simulated weld bead.
 16. A method comprising: generating simulation data corresponding to a virtual welding environment in virtual reality space; converting a portion of the simulation data, representative of a portion of the virtual welding environment, to 3D data in a stereoscopic 3D transmission format; and displaying a stereoscopic representation of the 3D data.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the portion of the virtual welding environment includes one or more of a simulated welding electrode, a simulated welding tool, a simulated weldment, or a simulated welding coupon.
 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising manipulating a spatial orientation of the displayed stereoscopic representation of the 3D data.
 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising viewing the displayed stereoscopic representation of the 3D data by using 3D eyewear configured to be worn by a user.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the stereoscopic 3D transmission format is an auto-stereoscopic format. 